UNIT 1 Essay

UNIT 1 Essay UNIT 1 Essay UNIT 1 Conner Le Vaast Errand Local Community. UNIT 1: INVESTIGATING SCIENCE AT WORK: TASK 1 Synopsis of Varying Research Methods. The exploration strategies that I decided to utilize, would be the Internet, utilizing contact through E-mail, bantering via telephone, informal exchange and utilizing the telephone directory. I saw these examination techniques as oversimplified, simple to oversee, and experience, as they are generally effective, simple to access and use on an essential day by day life, the web being broadly accessible these days and a quick, simple strategy for social event data on the numerous logical organizations in my general vicinity. The web is anything but difficult to access, and simpler to discover data on changing organizations in the neighborhood, to explore the normal responses to the inquiries as a rule that I have to approach all together for this errand. Email being likewise simple to get to, having similar favorable circumstances yet additionally having rather enormous burdens as email requires the beneficiary to be there, to answer and give you the data that you are wanting. Verbally speaking via telephone, requires both you and the individual you are wishing to converse with, to be there consistently, however the data you are getting can be recorded and make track of, for sometime later, this additionally having the two favorable circumstances, and clear drawbacks, because of conceivable poor association. Verbal, is frequently the most compensating way of accepting data, as you are genuinely there, conversing with an individual that either possesses, or maintains the business, and can get the data straight up, ready to note it down as you feel the need, for use later on and as I would see it, is perhaps off guard, as you have to guarantee you are there at an appropriate time or day, as a significant number organizations are not open all things considered occasions. At long last, utilizing a telephone directory is frequently helpful, yet you can't get the data you need legitimately, without utilizing another type of correspondence, this most probable being the phone, for this situation specifically. To close, these techniques for get-together data have their own points of interest and burdens, and you can blend these, to limit the inconveniences while gathering the information you need. Assessment of Research Methods. Business and what I received in return: Shred-it: From this business, I took in the fundamental procedures of destroying and devastating paper squander and the significance of this in the working scene, just as the essential business and the board capabilities required to work there. Future Cleaning Services ltd: This is a business that bargains in business cleaning and the removal of items in the vaying logical habits that they experience just as public territory cleaning and upkeep, managing cleaning material and supplies additionally, this requiring essential logical capabilities to adequately work around here. Morley Chinese Acupuncture and Herbs: This business manages Muscular and neurological facility, skin issues (moles, vitiligo and urticarial) center, barrenness center and other comparative medicines, this requiring some essential and propelled capabilities to work in, because of the idea of the work here. Spectrographic ltd: This is a business/administration that manages metallographic items and hardware for material science examination and quality investigation methods, just as master guidance in material example discernment, PC based picture examination and minuscule assessment, this clearly requiring rather propelled capabilities to work in, these for the most part waiting be logical. Across the country labs ltd: These are free veternity labs committed to the improvement of creature wellbeing through direct help of veternity rehearses in the UK and worldwide throughout the previous 30 years, these requiring explicit veternity capabilities to work in , because of the idea of the administration. The plastic craftsmanship co ltd: This business bargains in print completing arrangements: The studies of print

Book Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book Analysis - Essay Example His endeavors in the battle for the privileges of various individuals picked up him regard and profound respect over the globe. This is the main at any point composed speculative book that features the situations that emerged when Castro left office. The book clarifies reality on the life of Che Guevara on his crucial his lifetime. Che Guevara went for an outcast when his was in his progressive crucial Bolivia. Many idea he had passed on after he disappeared during the period he was away in a state of banishment. Later he returned to the open face and battles to benefit the individuals as his principle crucial point. The book is a life story on the life and demise of Che Guevera. Body This segment features distinctive topical issues that encompass this book. Highlight that this topics will be clarified in a striking way. I will likewise feature various supports for the subjects and how they identify with the creator and Che Guevara. Unrest Revolution is viewed as the fundamental topi c. In the novel, the fundamental subject that is unmistakably featured, and comes out obviously is Che Guevara’s battle for unrest. In the novel, the creator talks quite a bit of Che Guevera in his strategic a revolutionist. He battled a guerilla sort of fighting and his principle focus in the progressive strategic on the call for solidarity and battles against the racial segregation on the nation. In the novel, John Blackthorm has examined the different meetings where Che was giving his discourse on the call for solidarity in the nation. Solidarity This book has featured the topic of solidarity. Solidarity is a perspective that has been worried by the creator. The creator has associated this topic with Che Guevara in a superior way. Such issues have been clarified in lively way. Che supposedly unified various individuals in the battle for people’s rights. This book has noticed that one of the occurrences where Che was approaching the solidarity of the individuals was in the worldwide gathering on the worldwide demilitarization and his message was that there ought to be solidarity among all the counter colonialists and the imperialist’s developments and there ought to be a typical reason among them and the network. Che worked intimately with Castro in the job they attempted of battling against independence in the general public. He rather urged solidarity and individuals to fill in all in all unit in the state. To sum things up, it is consistent with note that Che Guavara has earned regard for his endeavors in guaranteeing solidarity. Separation The book uncovers unmistakably that Che worked to support the individuals and not a government agent on the individuals. In the discourses that Che made in different gatherings, He in ordinarily needed with the expectation of complimentary soviet assistance. In the organization that Che made with Washington, this was for the fortifying of the economy of Cuba and against the Soviet Union. Che allude d to the racial separation that prompted the politically-sanctioned racial segregation framework in the nation. In his discourse, Che Guevera stated, By what method can nations that murder its own youngsters and separates between them day by day, on account of the shade of their skins and permits the Negroes killers to go without any penalty. All things considered secures them and rebuffs the Negroes for requesting for regard for their legitimate rights as individuals, guarantee to be the watchman of freedom? In the novel, the occasions that remaining parts remarkable in all my years. The first is where the author recognizes the natural products

10 More Spec Fic Stories For When You Only Have 10 Minutes

10 More Spec Fic Stories For When You Only Have 10 Minutes I love a good short story, especially when Im in a reading slump. I might not be able to make it through a whole book or even a seven-page essay, but short stories? Short stories are my jam. Ive already done a list of spec fic stories for when you only have ten minutes to read, but considering the number of incredible stories that have been released in the past month alone and considering my ongoing book slump I thought I would include ten more for you to read. If you like them, maybe consider buying subscriptions to the magazines that produce them for the holiday season! More stories for you, more money for those stories for them its a win for everybody. Songbird by Shveta Thakrar “But I am a bird,” protested Shailaja. “I must sing.”   “Nonsense,” said her uncle. “You are a girl with an overdeveloped fancy. Girls are not birds, nor are birds girls. It’s time to turn your attention to the things that matter.” In Songbird, Shailaja wants to sing, but her place in society requires her to suppress herself to stillness. The City Born Great by N.K. Jemisin This city will die,” he says. He doesn’t raise his voice, but he doesn’t have to. I’m paying attention, now. Food, living: These things have meaning to me. “If you do not learn the things I have to teach you. If you do not help. The time will come and you will fail, and this city will join Pompeii and Atlantis and a dozen others whose names no one remembers, even though hundreds of thousands of people died with them. Or perhaps there will be a stillbirthâ€"the shell of the city surviving to possibly grow again in the future but its vital spark snuffed for now, like New Orleansâ€"but that will still kill you, either way. You are the catalyst, whether of strength or destruction.” A monster hunts New York City, and its up to one of New Yorks citizens to save it by becoming the city itself. The Cure by Malinda Lo I was taken to a sanatorium by the sea, where they locked me in an echoing room and did not allow me to rise out of bed for two weeks. I heard the wind blowing against the shuttered, barred windows, and I swam in and out of restless sleep. A nurse came several times a day and forced me to drink endless glasses of milk until the curdled stench of it lingered on my mouth even when I wasn’t drinking it. A woman is diagnosed with hysterics when her marriage is arranged, but a mythical lady might be able to save her. Clover by Charlie Jane Anders Friend didn’t mean to Berkley the same thing it would to a dog, or a human. But this girl had been the shoulder he slept on, the hand that scritched his ear, the voice that sang to him. Even the cozy old attic felt colder and darker, and the wooden house smelled like nothing but mildew. What happened to Patricia’s cat in All the Birds in the Sky? Whether or not you read All the Birds in the Sky, this short story about a cat who brings luck and what happens when that luck runs out is perfect for all the cat lovers among us. Fiber by Seanan McGuire The trouble began when Laurie discovered that Jamie Lee Curtis yogurt. You know, the stuff that’s marketed at, like, middle-aged moms who want to reclaim their youth, or at least the ability to have regular bowel movements again. Anyway, Laurie loves Jamie Lee Curtis, for reasons that are a mystery to anyone whose taste in popular culture has matured past the early ’90s. Also, Laurie is frequently too lazy to chew. So when Jamie Lee Curtis said “come, my children, and eat of my poop yogurt,” Laurie was first in line. A group of cheerleaders among their number a zombie end up in a fight in the absolutely hilarious and delightful Fiber. The Key to St. Medusas by Kat Howard They named me Agatha, which was not at all a witch’s name, because they wanted me to be good.   When I was five, I asked my father what a witch’s name might sound like. He smacked my mouth, and told me such things weren’t spoken. A witch decides to save the souls of her sisters from a murderous man. Blue is a Darkness Weakened by Light by Sarah McCarry It’s not my first winter in this city but I still can’t manage to dress warmly enough. There are nights I think the cutting wind will pull me apart and cauterize what’s left into solid ice. I came here with my pockets full of dreams but the people-clotted streets are lonelier than anywhere I’ve known. The place I left behind never got cold enough to kill you.   â€"You can make it here; you can make it anywhere, the vampire says. I think he means this to be encouraging. A young woman moves to New York City and befriends a vampire far older and wiser than she. The Dragons Tears by Aliette de Bodard Huan Ho, his eye against the hole in the shutters, watched the empty street. Waiting.   They came without a noise, a blur of movement against the night. The hooves of their horses struck the ground, silently, raising sparks like thousands of fireflies. One wore golden clothes, and his bridle and saddlebags were golden as well; one dressed in silver, riding a silver horse, and the last one wore purest black, and a black hood covered his face. When a young boys mother grows ill, he challenges god-like creatures to try and save her. Our Talons Can Crush Galaxies by Brooke Bolander So, no. You don’t get a description of how he surprised me, where he did it, who may have fucked him up when he was a boy to lead to such horrors (noâ€"one), or the increasingly unhinged behavior the cops had previously filed away as the mostly harmless eccentricities of a nice young man from a good family. No fighting in the woods, no blood under the fingernails, no rivers or locked trunks or calling cards in the throat. It was dark and it was bad and I called for my sisters in a language dead when the lionâ€"brides of Babylon still padded outside the city gates. There. That’s all you get, and that’s me being generous. You’re fuckin’ welcome. A woman, mythological in nature, is attacked. This is not the attackers story. It is hers. Deal with it. Hearts Turned To Ash by Dhonielle Clayton “You need to go see the rootworker.” Mama left a card on the table beside my bowl of cereal. “And you need to do it quickly. Your skin’s yellowing. Your heart is dying fast.”   “Can it be stopped?”   “When soulmates break up, the shock in the universe has consequences.” She took long, slow sips of her coffee.   Two soulmates break up, forcing one girl to try to remedy her crumbling heart. Sign up to Swords Spaceships to  receive news and recommendations from the world of science fiction and fantasy. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Functions of a Medieval Castle Essay - 1295 Words

The building of a castle was a monumental task; it required many laborers and took many years to complete. When a lord had decided to build a castle, he would hire a Master Builder to design and build the castle. He would choose a design for the castle. The castle was meant to be the fortress of the lord so it had to be strong. Castles had many different types of defense to protect the Lord and his family. The many types of defense that castles had meant that those attacking had to develop ever more strategic and powerful ways to attack the castle. When the King or Lord had decided to build his castle, he would hire a Master Builder to design the castle and to hire the laborers for the building of the castle. Construction of the new†¦show more content†¦It was also protected by wooden Palisades (walls) and a moat (14-15). The wood would eventually rot and have to be replaced. The wood could also be burned during attacks (16). Later they began to build castles using stone. Th ese stone castles took many years to complete (13). In the beginning only the keeps were changed to stone and kept the same square layout (18). Eventually it was found that the square corners were a weak spot in the design and changed to a rounded profile (Jarrow 29). Later the wooden walls were changed to stone. The new curtain walls were much larger. They were often between fifteen and thirty-five feet tall, and six to nine feet thick. Though some were built much larger (19). Third, the castle was also the home of lords, nobles, and kings. This is why castles had to be built strong enough to with stand days of constant battering, or months of blockade. The strongest part of the castle was the keep. The lord and his family lived in the keep that was usually on top of a motte (Jarrow 15). In the keep is where the lord and his family would eat, sleep, and store supplies and weapons (Jarrow 15). As castles were built stronger with thick stone walls the keep lost its importance and was often unused. This allowed the lords and their families to have a much roomier living area that was still well protected from attack (Jarrow 19). Keeps had everything that was needed. They usually had storage on the lower levels or in theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Matthew Johnson s The Strengths And Weaknesses1678 Words   |  7 PagesMoreover, Matthew Johnson effectively challenges conventional views of castles and underscores the complexity of such structures by using a variety of credible sources and evidence. He successfully supports his thesis by covering all his bases and acknowledging different viewpoints. Johnson’s analytical methodology helps defend his notion as by examining other academics works he is able to offer greater insight and provide new conclusions; â€Å"I have discussed what I view as a series of ruptures inRead MoreMedieval And Anglo Saxon Times1613 Words   |  7 PagesCastles in the medieval time period were more than just a home, but rather a safe haven for the whole town. The first castles were built in the tenth century in Western Europe. Castles played a crucial role in European history. However, by the end of the thirteenth century they had lost their military, political, and social significance and were being abandoned. Castles in the medieval and Anglo Saxon times, especially in European area, were built entirely for proper function towards protection fromRead More Sleeping Beautys Castle Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesBeautys Castle The past has a great influence on present culture. However ideas and themes of the past can change with time. This is true with the ideas associated with the medieval castle. These castles, which once served as a military fortress as well as a residence, are now often associated with the fantastical, popular images people can have of the middle ages. Sleeping Beautys castle at Disneyland is a good example because it represents an idea to many people of what a medieval castle mayRead MoreEvolution Of Architecture Throughout The Centuries Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagesevolution and change in mostly materials and techniques, but also designs, we can develop a better understanding of our own modern architecture and trace its roots back to the centuries before us. This paper will be taking a special look at the Roman, Medieval, Victorian and Modern time periods to give a good general view of how we’ve taken from previous designs and adapted. Reason for Paper The evolution of architecture is a very important element for anyone going into an engineering field, even forRead MoreCastles of the Welsh Princes and Gaelic Irish Lords Essay examples1837 Words   |  8 PagesThe high medieval Welsh princes and Gaelic Irish lords are comparable in several ways. Both had to contend with the ever-growing presence of the Anglo-Normans and were able to maintain some form of native rule throughout the period (â€Å"Gaelic lordly settlement† 209). Furthermore, castles played a significant role in the proceedings whether built or captured and whether they were of native origins or Anglo-Norman. This can be attributed to their capabilities of withstanding various scales of warfareRead MorePoetry Is Not Just The Vision Of The Writer1036 Words   |  5 Pagespower of the human imagination. Gothic literature itself owes much to its roots and to Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto—a story incorporating the supernatural, cursed lords, monks, princesses, romantic love, and gloomy castles, and other elements that essentially constitute the genre. In its second edition, titled A Gothic Story, Walpole’s novel consolidates the fanciful element medieval romance with the realism of the modern novel—finding an intermediary point that created many other stapleRead MoreThe Middle Ages1747 Words   |  7 PagesAngevin king of England and Richard I, the lionhearted, was his son who went in the third crusade. In addition, the Feudal system was developed in the middle ages. With this system, kings became more powerful. At the same time, cities emerged from castles. Furthermore, the British parliament became a regular institution for consulting nobles and churchmen as well as representatives of the shires and towns. Parliament became the place to address problems of law in England (â€Å"England†). The connectionRead MoreAnalysis of the Romansque Style of Architecture1451 Words   |  6 Pagesdecoration and solid ornates, delicate with lots of sculptures. Information about the Medieval architects who specialised in Romanesque architecture is therefore somewhat limited.Just to name a view.. The master builder of Romanesque style buildings like the famous White Tower of London in figure 3, was a Norman monk called Gundulf (1024-1108), another Romanesque Medieval architect , was Robert de Bellà ªme (1052-1130). Henry Yeverley ( 1325 - 1399) was a chief Gothic style architectRead MoreMedieval Period – Feudal System and Architecture3601 Words   |  15 Pagesabout the medieval period, they tend to think about the knights in shining armor, crusades, castles, and kings; however, there was more to the medieval period than just this. There are also the buildings that housed these great nobles and the men who influenced their design. The designs for these buildings did no simply materialize out of thin air. These ideas evolved from concepts derived from various cultures. The interaction between the feudal system and the architecture of the medieval times influencedRead MoreThe Sword in the Stone Study Guide1255 Words   |  6 Pagesand future knight. Wart looks at Kay as an older brother and idol, but Kay does not treat the Wart as well. Kay talks down and is arrogant, spoiled, and bossy. Wart, on the other hand, is compassionate. 3. In chapter one, medieval life is shown at first by being set in medieval England. Also, jousting, hunting, haymaking, horsemanship, tilting, fencing, etc. are involved. 4. In chapter two fantasy, superstition, and/or the supernatural are introduced with magicians, dragons, beasts, etc. Specifically

Essay on Capital Punishment - 720 Words

Capital Punishment The definition of capital punishment is the legal punishment of death for violating criminal law. The person who gets capital punishment is the ones who committed serious crimes. Methods of capital punishment throughout the world are by stoning, beheading, hanging, electrocution, lethal injection and shooting. The two most common methods capital punishment use in the United States are lethal injection and electrocution. The lethal injection is the most used form of capital punishment. It’s an intravenous shot that kills the criminal quick and painless. When capital punishment is done by electrocution the criminal is strapped to a chair that a volts of electricity is pass through. In America if all people agree†¦show more content†¦The first pros of capital punishment are that it works as deterrence against major crimes. The death penalty is a punishment that creates fear in the mind of any sane person. Most criminals would think twice if they knew their own lives were at stake. Although there is no statistical evidence that death penalty deters crime, we have to agree that most of us fear death. The most conclusive evidence that criminals fear the death penalty more than life without parole is provided by convicted capital murderers and their attorneys. 99.9% of all convicted capital murderers and their attorneys argue for life, not death, in the punishment phase of their trial. (prodeathpenalty) A Second pro is that a criminal that is executed can’t another crime or escape. A dead criminal can no longer commit a crime, and therefore the danger to the public is permanently removed. A third pro of capital punishment is that it’s more economical. Why should money be spent on a criminal when it could be spent on education, the sick, or the needy? The only reason why it is so expensive to execute an individual, is because of the numerous appeal processes. (~ab2166) Another pro is that the retribution to the family and loves ones of the victims is payed. Endless stress and anxiety plague the families of the victims and executions puts all those stresses to rest better than life-long imprisonment orShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment1099 Words   |  5 Pages Capital Punishment Murder, a common occurrence in American society, is thought of as a horrible, reprehensible atrocity. Why then, is it thought of differently when the state government arranges and executes a human being, the very definition of premeditated murder? Capital punishment has been reviewed and studied for many years, exposing several inequities and weaknesses, showing the need for the death penalty to be abolished. Upon examination, one finds capital punishment to be economically weakRead MoreCapital Punishment1137 Words   |  5 Pagescorresponding punishments. Among all penalties, capital punishment is considered to be the most severe and cruelest one which takes away criminal’s most valuable right in the world, that is, right to live. It is a heated debate for centuries whether capital punishment should be completely abolished world widely. The world seems to have mixed opinion regarding this issue. According to Amnesty International (2010), currently, 97 countries in the world have already abolished capital punishment while onlyRead MoreCapital Punishment1786 Words   |  8 PagesCapital Punishment Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the toughest form of punishment enforced today in the United States. According to the online Webster dictionary, capital punishment is defined as â€Å"the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offence or a capital crime† (1). In those jurisdictions that practice capital punishment, its use is usually restricted to a small number of criminal offences, principallyRead More Capital Punishment1898 Words   |  8 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your heart suddenly beginning to race as you hear a judge give you a death sentence and then you’re quickly carried away in chains as your family sobs as they realize that they will no longer be able to see you. As you sit in your cell you begin to look back at your life and try to see where you went wrong to end up in jail waiting to carry out a death sentence, and at the same time know that you are an innocent waiting to be heard. This same scenario repeatsRead MoreCapital Punishment1276 Words   |  6 Pagesbroken to get the death penalty, increased murder rates and wrongful accusations. There are many different views of the death penalty. Many different religions have their own views of the death penalty. In Hinduism, if the king does not inflict punishment on those worthy to be punished the stronger would roast the weaker like fish on a spit. In the religion of Jainism, mostly all of their followers are abolitionists of the death penalty which means that they oppose of it. Infact, this religionRead More Capital Punishment Essay: Retain Capital Punishment?696 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment - Retain or Not?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay tangles with the question of whether or not we should retain the death penalty within the American code of penal law.    There is a feeling of frustration and horror that we experience at the senseless and brutal crimes that too frequently disrupt the harmony of society. There is pain which accompanies the heartfelt sympathy that we extend to the victims families who, in their time of suffering, are in need of the support and compassionRead MoreCapital Punishment2506 Words   |  11 PagesCapital Punishment and the Death Penalty Capital punishment exist in today’s society as citizens of the United States should we have the right to take an individual life. As illustrated throughout numerous of studies the death penalty is an unfair process seven out of ten deaths handed down by the state courts from 1973 to 1995 were overturned when appeal and the seven percent were later found to be innocent. Such as the Dobie Williams case which took place July 8, 1984. DobieRead MoreCapital Punishment Is A Legal Punishment1116 Words   |  5 Pageswhat the big deal about Capital Punishment is? According to free dictionary, Capital Punishment is to put to death as a legal punishment (Farlax). Capital Punishment is used worldwide, and is guaranteed to prevent future crime. Capital Punishment is a large controversy in the U.S. but before a personal opinion can be formed, some facts need to be known, such as what it is, where it is used and why it could be good or bad. Well, what is Capital Punishment? Capital Punishment is where a person is executedRead MoreCapital Punishment Is The Ultimate Punishment1704 Words   |  7 Pageswhat would you want from the government if he had killed someone you know? He should receive the capital punishment. The capital punishment is the ultimate punishment given to the precarious crimes. It is the last stage of capital punishment. There are different methods of like hanging, electric chair, lethal injection, firing squad, gas chamber. Murderers and rapist should be given extreme punishment, and they have to pay for their wrongdoing. We can observe crime rates are accelerating day-by-dayRead MoreCapital Punishment And Juvenile Punishment1631 Words   |  7 Pages Capital punishment is the term used when an individual is put to death by the state or government for the commission of a crime. Until recently, juveniles were not exempt from this punishment, however they would generally need to commit a more serious offense compared to their adult counterpart. Then there was the decision ruling the execution of mentally handicapped individuals was unconstitutional, using the 8th amendment as their authority, while taking into account the diminished capacity of

American Lives Free Essays

Family is defined as the group of people united by kinship and is the primary component of society. The family is assigned to reproduce a society; parents from their point of view are expected to rear their children socializing them, educating them, religious, economic and political roles. Biologically, parents play an important role in enculturation and the same thing also goes for America. We will write a custom essay sample on American Lives or any similar topic only for you Order Now The American concept of an ideal family, like many most country includes the family as the basis and pioneer for the development of the cultural aspect and perspective of an individual. It can also be said that their views regarding families have shifted from giving emphasis on rural agrarian life to emphasis on urban and industrialized way. Looking at a historical point of view, it can be said that this change or shifting in the family image and representation and the family structure itself had occurred during the time of American Revolution where the family is considered to be a productive unit and work space are included within a family house. Work and home had only been separated during the middle of the nineteenth century. By this time, the family had been viewed as a form of defense of an individual against the material world. The family is then said to protect its members especially the young ones against the disturbance brought by the material world. Also during this time, family values together with those causes and effects of the problems and crises that the family faced are being studied. The role and value of money and as well employment had also been a great influence in the features of family lives. Cultural and ethnic diversities in the family life together with the family’s classification whether upper, middle or lower classes are also being looked at. The relationships and effects of the family and its relation and relevance to today’s students are also examined. This is because the family is considered in the United States as an institution that is deeply rooted for its effects on an individual plays a very significant role in the formation of his or her personal identity, beliefs and personality. Every individual members of the family seeks to find and meet his or her personal needs inside the family that he or she belongs. Although the family is treasured and considered as a group and should remain as a group, the individuality of each member is not completely submerged in the family. An individual’s personality and characteristics are developed through their interplay among the members of the family. When an individual reaches the 7th grade, he or she experiences several changes that can be considered as a part of his or her growth that includes almost every aspect of his or her life such as his or her psychological, physical and as well as mental growth. By this time, the family answers several important questions of an individual especially when it comes to their personality and belongingness, although the family may not answer these questions directly. Students are able to understand better their personality, who they are as viewed by the community by looking at their own families. The role and position of the adolescents in the family also plays an important part in for all the members of the family. How the parents with their children are also an important factor for the students to be able to understand that conflicts within the family is a usual and normal situation. Conflicts can be considered as a natural part and instance that happens within family members. Through the used of several activities, students will be able to have a clear view about themselves and as well as their families. Through various activities, students are able to understand and see and realized the distinction and are able to decide for themselves what are facts and myths regarding American families. By this time, the students are also able to formulate a kind of life that they want to live and as well as the kind of family that they would like to have in their future. Family truly plays an important role in the development of an individual and their personality. Works Cited Richardson, L. â€Å"Images of the American Family†. 2007. 04 December 2007 http://www. yale. edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1989/5/89. 05. 09. x. html How to cite American Lives, Papers

Events and Tourism for Social and Environmental - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEvents and Tourism for Social and Environmental. Answer: Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries and the main driver of tourism is events and celebrations. In the mid-sixties there were near about 25 million tourists who visited numerous destinations in the world. However, in last three decades, this number has reached more than 700 million. By 2020, these statistics will reach approximately 1.5 billion according to the World tourism Organisation (Unwto.org 2018). The tourism industry provides more than 9% of total employment in the world and records 11% increase in the global GDP. This essay discusses the origin of events, repurposing of events for economic social and environmental development, various sectors and types of events that attract tourist from different art of the world. The history of event tourism dates back to the beginning of Olympic games in which the sports persons around the world used to gather. It was completely different from the usual tourism because the audience from different countries used to visit the games village with particular reason (Li et al. 2017). Here the tourism was promoted to a particular destination for leisure as well as business. However, sports events or festivals are the part of leisure travel but for the marketers and brands visit the destination to promote their business. Here they get benefit of advertisement in front of the global tourists. In recent world however, event tourism has gained more business status hence there has been more collaborative events such as business summits, trade shows or guild meetings. Political or religious movements are also crating scope for event tourism where there is a mass movement of people to participate in the events of their leaders. As mentioned before event tourism is the way of attracting the global tourist by planning and promoting one destination (Dogan and Aslan 2017). The mangers plan and arrange various types of events in the selected area and make that place an important segment of tourism which is being selected once become successful. There are numerous agencies all observe the world that have tie up with the demand and supply chains and mark one particular destination suitable for arranging the event. Through event tourism, the place becomes culturally, economically and socially strengthen and gain more advantage than it used to get before. Re-purposing of events leads to positive economic impact on that particular region where people or visitors around the globe gather in the destination and contribute directly or indirectly to its development. The staging and decorating services, catering services and transportation directly contribute to the economic development. Moreover, these industries indirectly subsidize the hospitality industries of the place where the restaurants and hotels flourish for sudden increase of tourist on that destination. Event tourism also create scope for employment and betterment of infrastructure (Tyrvinen, Silvennoinen and Hallikainen, 2017). Creation of jobs or promoting small businesses such as handicrafts of that place create path for financial sustainability of the country and increased GDP growth. Despite all these, there are negative effects also. In case the destination does not have roper accommodation facilities or catering companies, the international brands gather and conduct busin ess throughout the span of events. Hence the national income drains out of the country leaving it in more unstable financially. There are different types of events that attract global tourist with different interests. These celebrations comprise of carnivals, sports events, music festivals, commemoration and wedding ceremony (Li, Hsu and Lawton 2015). Beside these there are political campaigns, meetings, trade summits, consumer fairs and shows which cater special interests of the visitors. Educational events include science seminars, meets and medical conferences. Mega and hallmark events are defined to have highest media coverage, popularity and demand of the visitors as well as the international brands. Mega events include the sports events such as summer or winter Olympic where there are professional as well as amateur sports persons who participate in these events. This changes the entire condition of the organising country developing its infrastructure and economy hand in hand. Hall mark events can be initiated from a local small event such as Tamworth Country Music Festival. These can be recurring events with limited gaps (Mller 2015). Hall mark events chiefly aim to create awareness among the people about one particular issue or can be focussing purely on serving the leisure and entertainment purpose. Hall mark event takes care of the quality, attractiveness and publicity of events so that they can return within limited gap of time. Major and local events have medium attraction. Most of these events do not have international tourists to visit the place. This is the reason these events do not have much sponsors and business buzz because there is limited expectation from these events (Gursoy, Milito and Nunkoo 2017). Regional and community focus on promoting national tradition, culture, art and local business. Political events and religious ceremonies including wedding parties are examples of community or local events. In this type of events, people gather for one particular region to demonstrate or share ideas and complete celebrations within a day of few days. The size and popularity of events have great impact on the economy of the region. It offers scope for development of the place where these have been organised (Tang and Tan 2017). Events arranged in a particular place enhance the lifestyle and living standard of the people. As mentioned before, in the local area, there may not have an improper infrastructure to organise a mega event but once decided, the local government with the assistance of the central government arrange for infrastructure development. Event tourism create scope for spill over effect through which the regional government creates job for the people, build proper infrastructure for living, arrange materials supporting the local businesses (Arranz et al. 2017). As the events attract tourists, who consume food and beverage use local transport, stay on hotels, these directly contribute to the national along with regional income which the government later utilise for enhancing the quality of life. Events have direct connection with the development of socio-cultural aspect of the destination region. As the events cerate scope for showcasing local talents and local business to flourish, these have far reaching effect on the minds of the regional as well as trans-regional visitors. Different types of events have different impact on the regional society (Zhou et al. 2017). Through mega and hallmark events, the regional people come across and communicate with the global visitors. They transmit their own cultures as the destination becomes open place for showcasing traditional subtleties of the region. In major and community events, the locals come to know various national issues that create awareness among them. Event tourism has more negative impact of the environment than positive. Evens tend to have a large crowd movement from one place to another which increases carbon emission of the place. At the time of developing infrastructure, the governments tend to destroy natural habitation of numerous species through deforestation (Mariani and Giorgio 2017). Electron and plastic wastes made after the completion of events cause environmental pollution. In order to prevent such issues, green events can be a unique method which support energy efficiency through increased use of renewable energy in the events. Therefore, it can be concluded that, events are temporal phenomena which can create memorable experiences for both the visitors as well as the local business. There are different sizes of events along with different attributes which appeal differently to the visitors. Event tourism has many positive effects on the regional economy, culture and environment. However, the mega or hallmark event organisers along with the local government care for sustainable developments and mitigate environmental issues. References: Arranz, N., Ubierna, F., Arroyabe, M.F., Perez, C. and Fdez. de Arroyabe, J.C., 2017. The effect of tourism education on students entrepreneurial vocation.Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism,17(3), pp.312-330. Dogan, E. and Aslan, A., 2017. Exploring the relationship among CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption and tourism in the EU and candidate countries: Evidence from panel models robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,77, pp.239-245. Gursoy, D., Milito, M.C. and Nunkoo, R., 2017. Residents' support for a mega-event: The case of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Natal, Brazil.Journal of Destination Marketing Management,6(4), pp.344-352. Li, H., Goh, C., Hung, K. and Chen, J.L., 2017. Relative Climate Index and Its Effect on Seasonal Tourism Demand.Journal of Travel Research, p.0047287516687409. Li, X., Hsu, C.H. and Lawton, L.J., 2015. Understanding residents perception changes toward a mega-event through a dual-theory lens.Journal of Travel Research,54(3), pp.396-410. Mariani, M.M. and Giorgio, L., 2017. The Pink Night festival revisited: Meta-events and the role of destination partnerships in staging event tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,62, pp.89-109. Mller, M., 2015. What makes an event a mega-event? Definitions and sizes.Leisure Studies,34(6), pp.627-642. Tang, C.F. and Tan, E.C., 2017. Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis: A New Global Evidence.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, p.1938965517735743. Tyrvinen, L., Silvennoinen, H. and Hallikainen, V., 2017. Effect of the season and forest management on the visual quality of the nature-based tourism environment: a case from Finnish Lapland.Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,32(4), pp.349-359. Unwto.org (2018).Data | World Tourism Organization UNWTO. [online] Www2.unwto.org. Available at: https://www2.unwto.org/content/data [Accessed 23 Mar. 2018]. Zhou, M., Liu, X., Pan, B., Yang, X., Wen, F. and Xia, X., 2017. Effect of tourism building investments on tourist revenues in China: A spatial panel econometric analysis.Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,53(9), pp.1973-1987.

Current Status Of Malaria Vaccinology Essays (2087 words) - Malaria

Current Status of Malaria Vaccinology annon In order to assess the current status of malaria vaccinology one must first take an overview of the whole of the whole disease. One must understand the disease and its enormity on a global basis. Malaria is a protozoan disease of which over 150 million cases are reported per annum. In tropical Africa alone more than 1 million children under the age of fourteen die each year from Malaria. From these figures it is easy to see that eradication of this disease is of the utmost importance. The disease is caused by one of four species of Plasmodium These four are P. falciparium, P .malariae, P .vivax and P .ovale. Malaria does not only effect humans, but can also infect a variety of hosts ranging from reptiles to monkeys. It is therefore necessary to look at all the aspects in order to assess the possibility of a vaccine. The disease has a long and complex life cycle which creates problems for immunologists. The vector for Malaria is the Anophels Mosquito in which the life cycle of Malaria both begins and ends. The parasitic protozoan enters the bloodstream via the bite of an infected female mosquito. During her feeding she transmits a small amount of anticoagulant and haploid sporozoites along with saliva. The sporozoites head directly for the hepatic cells of the liver where they multiply by asexual fission to produce merozoites. These merozoites can now travel one of two paths. They can go to infect more hepatic liver cells or they can attach to and penetrate erytherocytes. When inside the erythrocytes the plasmodium enlarges into uninucleated cells called trophozites The nucleus of this newly formed cell then divides asexually to produce a schizont, which has 6-24 nuclei. Now the multinucleated schizont then divides to produce mononucleated merozoites . Eventually the erythrocytes reaches lysis and as result the merozoites enter the bloodstream and infect more erythrocytes. This cycle repeats itself every 48-72 hours (depending on the species of plasmodium involved in the original infection) The sudden release of merozoites toxins and erythrocytes debris is what causes the fever and chills associated with Malaria. Of course the disease must be able to transmit itself for survival. This is done at the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. Occasionally merozoites differentiate into macrogametocytes and microgametocytes. This process does not cause lysis and there fore the erythrocyte remains stable and when the infected host is bitten by a mosquito the gametocytes can enter its digestive system where they mature in to sporozoites, thus the life cycle of the plasmodium is begun again waiting to infect its next host. At present people infected with Malaria are treated with drugs such as Chloroquine, Amodiaquine or Mefloquine. These drugs are effective at eradicating the exoethrocytic stages but resistance to them is becoming increasing common. Therefore a vaccine looks like the only viable option. The wiping out of the vector i.e. Anophels mosquito would also prove as an effective way of stopping disease transmission but the mosquito are also becoming resistant to insecticides and so again we must look to a vaccine as a solution Having read certain attempts at creating a malaria vaccine several points become clear. The first is that is the theory of Malaria vaccinology a viable concept? I found the answer to this in an article published in Nature from July 1994 by Christopher Dye and Geoffrey Targett. They used the MMR (Measles Mumps and Rubella) vaccine as an example to which they could compare a possible Malaria vaccine Their article said that simple epidemiological theory states that the critical fraction (p) of all people to be immunised with a combined vaccine (MMR) to ensure eradication of all three pathogens is determined by the infection that spreads most quickly through the population; that is by the age of one with the largest basic case reproduction number Ro. In case the of MMR this is measles with Ro of around 15 which implies that p 1-1/Ro ? 0.93 Gupta et al points out that if a population of malaria parasite consists of a collection of pathogens or strains that have the same properties as common childhood viruses, the vaccine coverage would be determined by the strain with the largest Ro rather than the Ro of the whole parasite population. While estimates of the latter have been as high as 100, the former could be much lower. The above shows us that if a vaccine can be made against the strain with the highest Ro it could provide immunity to all malaria plasmodium Another problem faced by immunologists is the difficulty in

Black Beauty Essays - Employment, Job, Occupations, Free Essays

Black Beauty Essays - Employment, Job, Occupations, Free Essays Black Beauty Persuasive essay Would you like to get a high paying job? Then you need to go to school. Without an education you cant get a get good job. An education is what you need. An education is a great accomplishment. A higher education can get you a higher paying Job. Without money you cant get things, and Without education you would be working at McDonalds or something, if you had a education you could be something better, now if You want to be a lawyer you need a degree. Thats why an education important. Getting an education is what the smart thing to do is. Dont get me wrong though its hard to get an education. I think the main reason why people drop out is because they probably get bored and cant take it going to school. The way I see it is you place in your head that when you get out of collage your going to get a great high paying job. I guarantee that if you get an education you will get a high paying job. Now dont you want a high paying job?

Remote Sensing and Image Processing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Remote Sensing and Image Processing - Essay Example Moreover, these events also include images and pictures that are captured via satellites that are powered with remote sensing technology. The advantage of remote sensing is that it can detect objects in real time along with providing coverage of an expanded area within a short period of time. However, remote sensing can be divided in to two types i.e. active remote sensing and passive remote sensing. The active remote sensing provides opportunity to be utilized at any time throughout the day and regardless of any season. Moreover, active remote sensing also facilitates the inspection of wavelengths that are not effectively illustrated by the Sun. In addition, it also takes charge of the illumination on the targeted object. On the other hand, passive remote sensing requires the Sun, in order to brighten the objective or the target. Moreover, this type of remote sensing uses reflected waves to measure the distance. As (Smith 2010) states that remote sensing based on active methodology needs a significant amount of energy source for illuminating the target. The data for the process of task that was associated with the vegetation estimation exposure was gathered from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). In order to achieve a detection of vegetation, band rationing of the value of Infra-Red (700-1300nm) by Visible Light (400-700nm) is utilized. By using these values and methods, the albedo effects will be eliminated along with issues related to shadows that emerge from the images that are processed. Moreover, this method will also facilitate high quality visibility for vegetation in images. Moreover, a task that is related to classification of information classes, Churn Farm image is the best option. Likewise, data available in this image is gathered by an airplane in the year 1984 from the NERC ATM scanner. Likewise, the image includes four bands and sketches the sites that are associated wit h agricultural land use. Moreover, integer represents the cover type for specific land cover type, in this way; probable training sites can be marked for each type of land cover. Task 1 - Vegetation Index Methodology This task utilized a methodology including calculation of Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The NDVI will be used for the image of Lake Nakuru Thermatic Mapper (TM). Likewise, for data associated with TM, two bands are utilized i.e. band 3 and band 4. Band 3 calculates the red light and band four calculates the red infra light. Outside the scope of the town named as Nakuru, a small salt ware lake named as ‘lake Nakuru’ is located. Likewise, the lake is famed for the spectacle, as approximately one million flamingos comes to it for feeding themselves with green algae located in the warm water areas of the lake. Moreover, pelicans often come here to feed themselves with cormorants that are also available deep in t he lake (Smith 2010). Steps Implemented Steps are demonstrated in points below: Considering as a Raster Layer, open the image file named as nakuru.img. In the available options, select the option to view the image with channel 4 that will be associated with green gun and red gun. However, channel 2 will demonstrate blue gun. From the main menu options tab, select the option

Political Science 419 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Science 419 - Essay Example This theory was later explicitly formulated in Marx’s Critique of Political Economy in 1859. He emphasized the major periods he perceived in history to begin with primitive communism, then slavery, feudalism and capitalism. He thought that eventually, these various stages in history would end in the stage of socialism (Marx). Karl Marx argued that socialism would provide economic equality, eradicate poverty and provide a utopian society where people could live in social solidarity. How to lay the foundation and eventually operate the structure of socialism that would abolish the so-called latest mode of production which is capitalism is something that Karl Marx wasn’t able to explain in details. Many disgruntled elements of a capitalist society have been attracted to Marx’s philosophy. They view the Marxian doctrine as the best way out of the cruel exploitations and dog-eat-dog jungle associated with the free enterprise economic system. Marx promises an It is in this regard that capitalism will survive even with the temperament of the economic environment. It is not too difficult to identify the dangerous features of Marxian philosophy. Marx downgrades a human being by regarding him as a mere material being. The root of Marxian philosophy is materialism. According to him, only matter matters. Nothing else exists but matter. Man is completely conditioned by the material facts of life. Thus, there is nothing sacred about human life. Every man is merely a pawn that can and should be sacrificed if the good of the communist party should so dictate. Marx’s vision of pure communism is the height of utopia and completely disregards the basic traits of human nature. It is indeed quite difficult to visualize ourselves as unselfish saints who will willingly work for the common good without being motivated by economic rewards. Man is not just a material being. He is both body and soul, flesh and spirit, mind and matter. An economic system is not something that

Separation of Photosynthetic Pigments: Paper Chromatography

Separation of Photosynthetic Pigments: Paper Chromatography Plant pigments have the ability to absorb visible light, which can be used in order to harvest energy for photochemical reactions. There are a variety of pigments present in plants, and for this experiment, these pigments were separated using paper chromatography. Absorbance spectrophotometry was also used in order to obtain the different absorbances of the pigments. The data was then used to compare relative chlorophyll content in both old and young leaves, and to identify the pigments present in the leaves. It was seen that chlorophyll a and b were present, and young leaves yielded more chlorophyll than old leaves as reflected by the high absorbance of the young leaf extract as compared to the old leaf extract. The performance of this experiment can be deemed successful in separating pigments, however identification of the pigment concentration could also be done to better quantify the amount of pigment in the leaves. INTRODUCTION Chromatography is a technique used to separate complex mixtures between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. (Craig) There are several types of chromatography, namely: gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, adsorption chromatography, partition chromatography, and molecular exclusion chromatography. (Carrier, Bordonaro and Yip) The concept behind this process is that the smaller the affinity a molecule has for the stationary phase, the faster it migrates. The stationary phase varies depending on the type of chromatography used (Carrier, Bordonaro and Yip). Most of the time, chromatography is used for purification techniques. The process is also used in separation of substances, an example of which is plant pigments. The result of chromatography is a chromatogram. From the chromatogram, different information about the test sample can be attained. By counting the number of peaks in the chromatogram, one can deduce the complexity of the mixture. The more peaks there are, the more complex the mixture is. Also, qualitative information about the composition of the mixture can be deduced by comparing the peak positions with a standard. Quantitative assessment of the relative concentration of the components can also be attained by comparing the peak areas (Carrier, Bordonaro and Yip). In this experiment, chromatography was used to separate pigments extracted from old and young leaves. The pigments were further identified using absorbance spectrophotometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this experiment, photosynthetic pigments were separated through paper chromatography and the absorption spectra of these were measured through absorbance spectrophotometry. Pigment Extraction Old and young leaf samples were obtained around the UP campus. Each set of samples was shredded into smaller pieces and weighed to twenty grams. Using mortar and pestle, each sample was immersed in 50 ml acetone and ground thoroughly to fully extract the chloroplast pigments. After this, the extracts were filtered by using filter paper and Buchner funnel. The eluted extracts were collected in separate beakers and transferred into separate test tubes, and labelled accordingly as OLD and YOUNG. Paper Chromatography The extract from young leaves was subjected to paper chromatography. Three pieces of 3cm x 11cm Whatman no. 42 filter paper were cut out. The sheets of paper were marked 3 cm from one end, and 2 cm from the other. The 3cm-point served as the point where the extract would be loaded, while the 2cm-point dictates the point of termination of the chromatogram. This end was tied with a string so that it could easily be suspended on a Gatorade bottle cap. With a Pasteur pipette, one drop of extract was loaded on each sheet of the filter paper. To further saturate the loading, the filter paper sheets were loaded ten times. However, for each loading, the previous spot was allowed to dry before an additional drop of extract was added. Developing solvent of petroleum ether was prepared. The solvent was then poured into three Gatorade bottles, filling only up to two centimetres of the bottle. The paper strips were then secured on the bottle caps with tape and hung, with its end touching the developing solvent, but not the loaded extract. The development of the chromatogram was terminated after the pigments or the developing solvent has reached the 2cm-line. Of the three chromatograms, only one was presented for the results because it has the clearest separation. Absorbance Spectrophotometry Absorbance spectrophotometry was also done to obtain absorbance spectra of the different pigments present in leaves. Both the old and young leaf extracts were used and the absorbances of extracts were obtained for the following wavelengths (nm): 400, 450, 470, 500, 550, 600, 647, 650, 663, 700. Two trials were done per leaf sample. The absorbances obtained were then plotted against wavelength. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pigments are defined as substances in plants that are able to absorb visible light. These can be classified into three basic groups. (University of California Berkeley, 2006) The first are the chlorophylls which are greenish pigments containing a porphyrin ring. The ring contains several double bonds which makes it stable, and at the same time allows free migration of electrons. In this way, when sunlight strikes the plant surface, electrons in the pigment molecules of the chloroplast thylakoid become excited which in turn pass on this excitation to the photosystems that begins the series of cellular events that generate oxygen and sugar. Four species of chlorophyll a, b, c, and d are known. Chlorophyll a is the primary photosynthetic pigment in all higher plants, algae, and the cyanobacteria. Chlorophyll b is found virtually in all higher plants and green algae, differing from the former only in that a formyl group substitutes for the methyl group in ring II. Chlorophyll c is meanwhile found in the diatoms, dinoflagellates, and brown algae and lacks the phytol tail of chlorophyll a. Lastly, chlorophyll d is found only in the red algae and has an (-O-CHO) group in place of the (-CH=CH2) group on ring I of chlorophyll a. (Taiz and Zeiger, 2008) The second class of pigments are the carotenoids. They are usually red, orange, or yellow pigments composed of two small six-carbon rings connected by a chain of carbon atoms. Their high carbon content prevents them from dissolving in water and as such they must be attached to membranes within the cell. They have several functions, including the broadening of the spectrum of colors able to drive photosynthesis (especially in seasons with shortened days such as fall and winter), and in photoprotection; they are able to absorb and dissipate excessive light energy that can otherwise damage chlorophyll or interact with oxygen to produce reactive oxidative molecules that can damage the cell. (Cain, et. Al, 2011) The third class of pigments are the phycobilins. They are water-soluble pigments found in the chloroplast stroma or the cell cytoplasm. Occurring only in the Cyanobacteria and Rhodophyta, they are efficient in absorbing light wavelengths that are not well absorbed by chlorophyll a. These pigments are bound to phycobiliproteins which pass on the absorbed light energy to chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Knowledge of which types of pigments are present in a plant is useful in the field of agriculture. Using this information, lights that promoting the optimal growth of plants having certain pigments can be developed, increasing their yield. Additionally, pigments extracted from plants can be used as dyes in scientific research. One way of determining the pigments present in a plant sample is through paper chromatography. Paper chromatography separates pigments present in the plant sample based on their solubilities in the solvent; compounds which are very soluble move along with the advancing solvent front, while less soluble compounds travel slowly through the paper, well behind the solvent front. Chlorophyll a is slightly soluble in a 3:1:1 mixture of petroleum ether, acetone, and water (which was the resulting mixture used in the study), while carotenoids are very soluble in this system. This difference in solubility should allow the separation of chlorophyll a from the carotenoids and chlorophyll b, which is less soluble than chlorophyll a. (Bowen and Baxter, 1980) The following chromatogram was obtained from the chromatography done in the study. chlorophyll B chlorophyll A carotenoid Figure 1. Obtained chromatogram from the paper chromatography of (young or old?) leaf extracts. Only one trial was used in the identification of pigments, with the topmost band determined to be a carotenoid, followed by chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B. The first pigment band was identified as a carotenoid due to its yellow-orange color, the second band identified as chlorophyll A due to its darker green color, and the third band identified as chlorophyll B due to its yellow-green color. The study is said to be a success in this respect as the results obtained matched the theoretical results. Additionally, pigments can also be identified based on the value of their retention factor; the retention factor (Rf) is calculated as the distance the pigment travels (in centimeters) divided by the distance the solvent travels (in centimeters). Standard values of the Rf are compared to the calculated values and the closest standard value that matches the calculated value is used to identify the pigment. This step however, was no longer done in the study. Figure 2. A graph showing the absorbance obtained from the old and young leaf extracts through absorptive spectrophotometry. Spectrophotometry can be utilized for measuring the chlorophyll content of a leaf by measuring the absorbances of the plant extract at red and far red regions of the visible light spectrum. The absorbance of the extract is directly proportional to its chlorophyll content. The experiment measured the absorbances of old and young leaves coming from the same plant in order to compare their chlorophyll content. In the experiment, the pigments from old and young plants were subjected to spectrophotometry to identify which wavelength would yield the highest absorption therefore identifying the pigments present, and also compare at which level of maturity plants would yield more chlorophyll. The former is possible because plant pigments participate in photosynthesis by absorbing light, and there is the optimal wavelength wherein they can absorb the most amount of light and can therefore enhance the process of photosynthesis. Pigments in seed plants may be present as chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids, all with varying abundance. For the old and leaf samples, it can be seen that the measured absorbances peaked at two wavelengths (Figure 2). The first peak is around 450-470 nm while the second peak is around 663 nm. This data implies that most of the pigment extracted must be from chlorophyll a and b, since theoretically, these pigments peak at 430-450 nm and 640-660 nm. It should also be remembered that peaks in an absorbance vs. wavelength pigment spectra means that these pigments absorb and utilize light best in these wavelengths. In Figure 3 below, the other pigments and corresponding peak wavelengths can be seen. Figure 3. Absorption spectra of pigments found in seed plants Aside from knowing the pigments present in the leaves, the graph could also show the relative amount of chlorophyll present in the leaves. Theoretically, older leaves contain much more chlorophyll than younger leaves; this is contrary to the results as depicted by Fig. 2. These results can only make sense if the plant from which the extract was taken from has a magnesium deficiency, assuming that no methodological error was committed. Plant with Mg deficiency tend to sequester Mg from old leaves by degrading chlorophyll and then transporting the retrieved Mg to the younger leaves which have higher photosynthetic needs. Other methods of measuring the pigment content of leaves include using chlorophyll content meters, which do not require an extract to be prepared, and the more superior technique known as chlorophyll fluorescence where the ratio of chlorophyll fluorescence at certain wavelengths give a linearly proportional estimation of the chlorophyll content. Literature Cited Hopkins, W.G. HÃ ¼ner, N.P.A. (2009). Introduction to plant physiology (4th ed). Ontario, Canada: John Wiley Sons. Cain, M. L, Jackson, R.B., Minorsky, P.V., Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Wasserman, S.A. (2011). Campbell biology (9th ed). San Francisco, USA: Benjamin/Cummings. University of California Berkeley. (2006). Photosynthetic pigments. Retrieved from http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/g lossary/gloss3/pigments.html on August 23, 2012. Bowen, W. R., Baxter, W. D. (1980). Experimental cell biology: an integrated laboratory guide and text. New York, USA: Macmillan Publishing Co. Taiz L and Zeiger E. (2008). Plant Physiology. 3rd ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Hermans C.; Vuylsteke F.; Coppens F.. 2009. Systems Analysis of the responses to long-term magnesium deficiency and restoration in Arabidopsis thaliana.ÂÂ  New PhytologistÂÂ  187: 132-144. Carrier, Rebecca, Julie Bordonaro and Kevin Yip. Chromatography. 1997. 23 August 2012 Retrieved from:http://www.rpi.edu/dept/ chem-eng/Biotech Environ/CHROMO/chromintro. html. Craig, Paul A. Chromatography. 2007. 23 August 2012 Retrieved from: http://people.rit.edu/pac8612/ webionex/website/html/ione8h o9.html. Domestic violence: Prevention and treatment Domestic violence: Prevention and treatment Introduction Domestic violence is a universal phenomenon and more and more governments play importance on it. There are three major types of domestic violence including violent against women, child abuse and elder abuse. Since domestic violence includes primarily of violence against women, we will going to review the situation of violent against women in Hong Kong in this paper. In this study, the term of violence against women will be used instead of wife abuse because violence against women consists not only women who are married legally with the abuser, but also the co-habitees or separated partners, since violence could be continued even the relationship ended. Definitions of violence against women Although the United Nations found violence against women as the major obstacle to the achievement of equality, development and peace for women in 1985 (1), the nations didnt seem to emphasis it. Research showed that every one of three women in the global had ever experienced violence in an intimate relationship. (World Health Organization, 1997)(12) Generally speaking, violence against women refers to those acts totally committed violent against women. In the United Nations General Assembly 1994, violence against women had been defined as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. UN had a rather feminist view that violence against women is an expression of sex inequality and is used to uphold the domination over women and to keep discrimination against women by men. (UN, 1995) The severity of violence against women According to the data of Social Welfare Department of HK, there is an increase in the number of spouse battering from 1,906 in 1998 up to 6,483 in 2008. (SWD, HK. 2008) Over 80% of them are women abuse. The researches related to violence against women in Hong Kong were very rare, they asserted that the situation is getting worse and the government should take it seriously, however. It is about two-third of Tangs survey respondents had at least one time of verbal abuse, (Tang, 1999) Researches showed that around 10% of the survey respondents had experienced at least one time of physical abuse by their male partners. (Tang, 1999; Chan, 2005) Chan (2000, 2005) also noticed that a rather high proportion of victims were having little schooling as well as homemakers. Studies revealed the fact that over 50% of battered women were at the age range of 31 to 40 (Harmony House Report 2007; Chan, 2000) and over 80% were new migrants from Mainland China. (Harmony House Report 2007) Majority of women who experience intimate violence do not report it to the police. (Backman and Coker, 1995) Outline of this paper In the following, we will first go through the forms of violence against women including physical abuse, emotional abuse and sexual abuse. Then, the theories related to violence against women Family perspective and Feminist perspective will be discussed, and the idea of Patriarchal ideology and Confucianism will be addressed. After that, we will look deep into the existing situation in Hong Kong which consist the services provided for the victims and the abusers, the difficulties the victims face, and how Hong Kong government handle domestic violence. In the last part, the intervention strategies like resource allocation, legislation and education that combating this violence issue will be encountered. Forms of violence against women There are three forms of abuse: Physical abuse, psychological abuse and sexual abuse, in which physical abuse is the most common form that abuse men give to their female partners. Physical abuse Physical abuse refers to a physical assault or violent act that attacks the victims physical integrity, like pushes, slaps, pinches, punches, spits, kicks, burns, fractures, locked women in the house, put women in an unsafe places or murder. (Chan, 2000) Dobash et al., (1985) stated that only 3% of assaults are low in physical severity the rest are medium or high. (as cited in Mullender, 1996) Physical abuse usually accompanied by emotional abuse. Psychological or emotional abuse Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse, is a kind of emotional or psychological attacks or the neglect of psychological or emotional needs, described a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that is psychologically harmful. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_abuse) Actually, there is no universal accepted definition for emotional abuse. Here I adopted the definition from U.S. Department of Justice that emotional abuse is causing fear by intimidation, verbal or non-verbal, threatening physical harm to self, partner, children, or partners family or friends, destruction of pets and property, forcing isolation from family, friends, or school or work.(U.S. Department of Justice, Edleson, 1984) Emotional abuse, differ from physical abuse and sexual abuse, is a continued and repetitive behavior, used to harden fear to reinforce the control of the abuser so as to strengthen the obedience and passive acceptance to the abuser. Sexual abuse Sexual abuse is a dissented and pressurized sexual behavior or acts, forced by one person upon another. Sometimes the abuser compels unwanted sexual activity without physical force by using their position of trust but mostly physical abuse comes with sexual abuse. According to Chan (2000), those behaviors includes rape or sexual assault, incest coerced by force, inappropriate touching, exposure of genitalia, force the partner to have sexy dressing or ignoring ones sexual character. Russell (1990) reminded us that spousal sexual abuse is one kind of domestic violence which may sometimes constitute marital rape or an assault. Causes of the problem Theories related to Violence against women The universality of domestic violence caused many scholars to explore the reasons for violence against women. Family perspective Family perspective is one of the perspectives the scholars like to adopt. This approach believed that the behavior of a family member is influenced by the responses or feedback of other members. It seemed violence as a symmetrical between both sexes, and viewed individual and family relation as the core for the explanation for domestic violence, suggested a reduction in structural stresses and work on individual pathologies in dealing with the problem. Obviously the Hong Kong government had adapted this perspective in explaining the causes of domestic violence as it stressed on maintaining the function of the family or improving marital relationships. (Leung, 2008) Feminist perspective On the other hand, some scholars explained violence against women abuse from the view of feminist theory which locates the root of violence against women in a social-structural context rather than a private or family problem. (United Nation, 1989; Adam, 1998) This approach believed that women do not have equal rights and do not have institutional power, instead, women are considered as inferior and subordinate, and more serious, the properties to men. (United Nation, 1989) As the tolerance for violence act against women are vary across culture, the feminist give explanation that it is due to different levels of patriarchal values across cultures. (Bui Morash, 1999; Nayak et al.2003) The endorsement of the beliefs regarding rape and spousal physical violence and the tendency of blaming the victim showed that both gender and sociocultural factors had great impact on the attitudes toward violence against women. (Nayak et al. 2003) Tang (1999) recommended patriarchy theory in explaining violence against women in Chinese societies. Patriarchal ideology Patriarchy Patriarchy is a system of society in which men holding the determination power over women and children of the household. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy) Feminists believed that violence against women is rooted in a patriarchal system which men keep women in a subordinate position through the use of control, usually enhanced through existing economics, social, and political, and legal dimensions. Socialization process help strengthen men to subordinate women. (Sugarmen and Frankel, 1996) Many scholars agreed that the social structure created and maintained under the patriarchy keep on justified the male dominant beliefs of womens inferior status. (Tang, 1999; Anderson, 1988; Sugarmen and Frankel, 1996) Patriarchal ideology and Confucianism Confucianism which strengthens patriarchal system had great impact in Chinese society. Women lived under the ethical norms of Confucianism were suppressed into inferior, dependent, and submissive status, and are expected to obey the men. In the past thousand years, Chinese women followed womanhood decencies like san cong si de (three obedience and four virtues) and xian qi liang mu, (a virtuous wife and a good mother) (Tang, 1999) see contributing male offsprings to their husbands lineage and serving her husband as her responsibilities. The social norms in Chinese society accept using physical force to discipline female family members, for those fail to live up their prescribed roles will result in patraiarchal brutality under the rules of the family. Therefore, it is legal for a man to afford all forms of violence against women, usually physical abuse. On the other hand, the Chinese culture of interpersonal harmony forced wives to keep on tolerating the inequality so as to protect the reputation and stability of their families. Research showed that around half of the surveyed women mentioned cultural reasons for staying with their partner. (Adam, 1998) Therefore, the extent of violence against women has been largely hidden and widely denied by our society. Though Chinese women had greater opportunities for education in recent decades, and there is an increase in the acceptance of a greater flexibility of gender norms, decision making power in the household matter still holding in the mens hand. More and more female go out to work, yet they have to do most of the housework. (Choi and Lee, 1997) Chan and Lee believed that traditional patriarchal values are deeply permeated into Chinese family system. Therefore, when wives ask for more gender equality, the husbands may understand as their domination and superiority in the family had been defied, and may react with use of violence. Tang (1999) As the society tolerate towards domestic violence, and the experience of being discrimination when seeking for help, the abused women remained in the relationship. The existing situation in Hong Kong Violence against women in Hong Kong In the past 10 years, there was a rapid increase in spousal abuse. Importantly, more than 80% of victims of spousal abuse in 2008 were female, 60% of the female victims were suffering from physical abuse (SWD, HK, 2008) Harmony House reported that 71% of women had been subjected to violence for over three years. (Harmony House Annual Report 2008-2009) Pahl(1985a) and Binneyet al. (1988) got similar findings. (As cited in Mullender, 1996) Harmony House (Harmony House, 1996/1997 Annual Report) pointed out 41.7% of female victims suffered from both physical and sex abuse, and 24.1% suffered physical, psychological and sexual abuse at the same time. Chan (2000) found that 63.6% of his survey respondents viewed male chauvinism as the major cause of domestic violence which request obedience of the women. It is concluded as influenced by the traditional culture of patriarchal ideology in which female were in an inferior status. It is rather problematic that the mass as well as the front-line professionals such as police officers and social workers were likely to endorse that wife abuse is a private matter or family issue. (Tang, 2005; Leung, 2008) Leung (2008) stated that the occurrence of domestic violence, in the current view of Hong Kong society, is due to lack of communication between family members or because of individuals under pressure. The mainstream believed that both men and women have equal chance of spousal abuse. Therefore, the government did not consider the hidden gender power imbalances in domestic violence during the policy formulating process. Under such ideologies, the services related to domestic violence focus on how to maintain the unity of the family rather the safety of the victims; the police officers view domestic violence as low priority to handle, and discouraged abused women to file their complaints (Leung, 2008), and legal system continue to treat battering as an individual problem rather than criminal behavior (Ferraro, 1989; Leung, 2008) In result, the victims who are in the subordinate status would rather keep quite, while the abusers violent act was intensified. (Leung, 2006)(Tam and Tang, 2005) Service provided for the victims and the abusers There are certain NGOs in Hong Kong care and pay effort in the fighting against domestic violence, providing shelters and services for victims and male batterers, arranging prevention programmes and community education. Due to limited resources, their services are unable to handle the needs. Leung (2009) explained the Hong Kong government has increase the budget on family service in the past years in order to recruit more staff to carry out the family support projects, nevertheless, the fund did not specifically designate to the use of handling cases of domestic violence. SWD had increase resources on the accommodation beds in the shelter from 180 in 2007-2008 to 260 in 2008-2009, and to prolong the working hour of the shelters so as to provide better service for the victims. But it is regrettable that there are too little resources for measures to combat gender-based violence in the home. The difficulties the victims face Researchers found that the abused women in Hong Kong had great difficulties in seeking help from neither police officers nor social workers. (Leung, 2008; Hong Kong Womens Coalition on Equal Opportunities, 2005; Tam and Tang, 2005) It is very common for the front-line professionals to endorse that wife abuse is a private matter or family issue. (Tang, 2005; Leung, 2008) Leung (2008) pointed out that abused women always had bad experience when they seek help from the police. Most of the police perceive violence against women as a family issue and pay less attention to it, they usually persuade the victims to close the files. Even though the police are willing to handle the case, for domestic violence usually seems as family disputes which may not involved in criminal act that the police could take action, the case would most be disregarded. On the other hand, some front-line social workers paid inadequate support and empathy to the victims. It is largely because of the common bias att itudes towards the abused women especially those came from Mainland China. Some other social workers use family therapy that emphasis unity of the family to handle domestic violence cases that force the abused woman to go back to the abuser. It is inevitable that rare of legislator, social worker or police may suggest the abused women to apply injunction order. It revealed that the front-line professionals were lack of gender sensitivity in dealing the cases. The abused women often found housing problem. Compassionate rehousing could only offer by the social workers of SWD which relied on strong social ground defined by the social workers themselves. However, most social workers had bias that those women were taking advantage during the process. The policies of CSSA restrict the application for those new arrivals that were lived in Hong Kong for less than seven years even those they suffered from abuse. How Hong Kong government handle Domestic Violence There was a great reaction in the society after Tin Sui Wai Family Tragedy happened in 2004 and the government was forced to deal with it. According to the Report of Review Panel on Family Services in Tin Shui Wai (2004), 25 suggestions were addressed, including the measures of three-tiered structure established by the police provide a graded response to investigating domestic violence. Relevant information is input into the Central Domestic Violence Database, district supervisory officers will look into those repeated cases occurring within 12 months. However, the prosecution rate of spouse battering remains low. In 2005, the police recorded 1,274 cases of spouse battering, in which 1,159 cases were arrested due to their criminal act, but only 10% were finally convicted. (Hong Kong Amnesty International, 2006) The Domestic Violence Ordinance (DVO) was enacted in 1986 in Hong Kong. At that time, the scope of definition of domestic violence is narrow to those live in matrimonial home, but excludes some other intimate relationships like co-habitees, separated partners or same sex partners. And the domestic violence is seemed as molest in this ordinance that restricted domestic violence to civil act. The limited scope of definition of domestic violence led to low utilization rate of DVO and low application of injunction order. Amendments of DVO came after more and more criticism in recent years in 2008 and 2009. Amendments includes the scope of definition of domestic violence extend to co-habitees, separated partners and same sex cohabitants and the Batterer Intervention Programme was enforced. The Womens Commission, a central mechanism plays a strategic role in advising Hong Kong Government on policy direction on women issues, addressed a policy paper in 2006 to outline a strategy to address victims empowerment, prevention of violence, timely and effective intervention, community education and support. The paper provided a lot of suggestions related to various aspects, including legislation reform, services, promotion, database, training for professionals, training on gender mainstream, early identification and intervention and community networks. The paper is comprehensive, yet the Commission has not legal authorities to implement the suggestions. In response to the rapid increase of domestic violence in past decades, Working Group on Combating Violence (WGCV), coordinated by the SWD, comprises representatives from related bureaux, government departments and non-governmental organizations, is formed for mapping out strategies to address the problem of spouse battering and sexual violence. (www.swd.gov.hk) Due to limited authority, the WGCV seems unable to coordinate the cooperation among different sectors of the government departments that no body function in policy making, coordination, and supervising (Leung, 2008) Leung (2008) criticized that the work done by the Hong Kong government in the fighting against domestic violence was unsatisfactory, the most critical problem is that the Hong Kong government and most of the policy makers did not view violence against women at home as a gender issue or human right issue but only family issue. For this reason, no comprehensive policy base on the gender mainstream was set to handle the domestic violence. (Leung, 2006; Hong Kong Womens Coalition on Equal Opportunities) The SWD report (2005) confirmed that domestic violence is a family matter by mentioned that family violence amongst those who used violence, such as low self-esteem, lack of empathy, alcohol or drug addiction, a history of abuse and neglect as a child, social isolation etc.. Such viewpoint makes people ignore how serious women abuse is in Hong Kong, and force the abused women to remain in the relationship. Actually domestic violence rooted in patriarchal ideology that is widespread over t he community that the violent act of the abuser is literally an offense of manipulation of male against women. Leung (2008) found that there are two main obstacles in putting the concept of gender mainstream into the domestic violence policies. The first one is that both the front-line professional and the policy makers were lack of gender sensitivity; secondly, inadequate resource and service coordination is put and insufficient staff and authority of coordinating framework to organize, and to coordinate and supervise the policies of domestic violence and its implementation. (Leung, 2008, P70) Besides, the government has not made any specific action plan on how to carry out the gender mainstreaming policy. Intervention strategies to combat the violence issue Legislation and judicial procedures It is necessary to review the current measures on domestic violence if we want to resolve the issue of violence against women in the long-run. In the aspect of legislation and judicial procedures, the government should take a deep review the law on domestic violence so that violence against women could be classified as criminal act. Simplify and improve the judicial protection orders like lengthen the duration of injunction order would be helpful. Also, improvement to the measures of support for victims of domestic violence would reinforce the prosecution. It is rather difficult for the victims to testify against their husbands face to face in the court. The Hong Kong Council of Social Service (2007) thus suggested providing supporting worker for the victims who would accompany with victims during the hearing, provide relevant legal information actively, and contact with the prosecutors and the court to keep updated the process of the case. Comprehensive information for victims is vi tal. For most of the victims do not know their right, it is rather helpful if the front-line professional would provide appropriate information and service such as shelters and application for injunction order. Resources It is certainly that government should enhance the availability and accessibility of the shelters at the same time. For the perpetrators, compulsory batterer intervention program (BIP) seems to be effective and should be enforced. On the other hand, Tin Sui Wai Family Tragedy revealed that professional training for handling domestic violence must be strengthened. As a matter of fact, social welfare agencies are lack of resources and support from the government to combat gender-based violence in the home. Therefore, it is unable for them to deepen the intervention and therapies on domestic violence. The government should add the specific matching grants of domestic violence. Although extra HKD 22 million has budgeted to recruit additional staff to implement family support projects, no designation for the fund to handle cases of domestic violence, in result, no advancement to the service on domestic violence. The change of ideology Other than resource and legislation and judicial procedures, the change of ideology is most significant. In recent years, governments in many western countries agreed that domestic violence is a gender issue and bring it to the criminal level. Similar arguments also found in Hong Kong (The Womens Commission, 2006; Leung, 2006, 2008) Leung (2008) stressed that the best way to protect women from abuse is to take the concept of gender mainstream into account when handling the issue of domestic violence. The concept of gender mainstreaming having been developed after the 1985 3rd World Conference on Women in Nairobi and was formally featured in the Platform for Action of the 4th World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995. (centers.law.nyu.edu) Gender mainstreaming is defined as the public policy concept of the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making womens as well as mens concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality. (Un ited Nations, 1997) In response to the ineffective of WGCV, Leungs suggestions are worthy to mention. Leung (2008) suggested the government should adopt the definition of gender mainstreaming and its practice guidelines offered by international organizations; to develop a comprehensive policy of domestic violence and strategy execution according to gender mainstream; and to establish a high ranking coordinating body to work out an action plan for combating and preventing domestic violence; to improve the central data collection and the information dissemination systems; to consolidate the collaboration system between government and NGOs to ensure the resources had been used in combating against violence, to set up crisis intervention team with the collaboration of police and social workers; to meliorate the service coordination within different social service organizations; to strengthen the education on gender sensitivity for the frontline professionals. Reference Chan, K.L. (2000) The Impact of Family Violence to Women and their Children, Hong Kong: Hong Kong Christian Family Service and Hong Kong University, Department of Social Work and Social Administration. Leung, L.C. (2008) The possibilities of Gender Mainstreaming Domestic Violence Policy in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong, Department of Applied Social Science. (centers.law.nyu.edu/jeanmonnet/papers/00/000201) United Nations. Report of the Economic and Social Council for 1997. A/52/3.18 September 1997. Backman, R., Coker, A. (1995). Police involvement in domestic violence: The interactive effects of victim injury, offenders history of violence, and race. Violence and Victims, 10(2), 91- 106. Other information Definitions of domestic violence Intimate partner violence (IPV), also termed domestic violence, is the most common form of violence against women. (Watt and Zimmerman, 2002) Wesley defined domestic violence as any behavior which is intended to cause unwanted harm, either physical (e.g., sexual or physical assault, and murder) or nonphysical (e.g., intimidation malicious insults) to a romantic partner. (Wesley et al, 2006) Adams gave a rather completed definition, the repeated, habitual or random use of aggression, whether physical, verbal, social, sexual, emotional, psychological or economic, by an individual on a partner or ex-partner in an existing or previous domestic relationship to force submission to that persons demands, thus depriving the partner of personal liberty and basic human rights. (Adam, 1998) Continuums of abuse Apart from the forms of abuse, we should consider the level of severity of abuse when we look into a case whether it is an abuse or not. The following table showed different levels of abuse from least to most severe. Assumed relationship between Patriarchal ideology and Attitude towards violence against women Sugarman and Frankel (1996) in their study examining how wide the patriarchy ideology molds the individuals experiences in terms of domestic violence, showed that previous researches on wife abuse done by Dobash and Dobash (1979), Kurz (1989) and Schechter (1982) conjectured that acceptance of traditional gender ideals and expectations about women serves to maintain subordination of women and is a primary source of violence against women (Sugarman and Frankel, 1996) Pagelow (1984) even suggested that traditional gender belief system could be retain since the assaultive husbands adopt the patriarchal conception of family. (Sugarman and Frankel, 1996) Findings verified that assaultive husbands showed more positive attitudes toward marital violence than nonassaultive husbands (Sugarman and Frankel, 1996) However, until 2005, the United Nations still found that women subjected to violence, including physical violence, psychological violence or sexual violence is a very common phenomenon. Research report Health Canada (1996) tended to believe that emotional abuse is based on power and control and characterized it into six forms: rejecting, degrading, terrorizing, isolating, corrupting/exploiting and denying emotional responsiveness Tomison and Tucci (1997) mentioned that emotional abuse is characterised by a climate or pattern of behaviour(s) occurring over time. Physical abuse always accompany with emotional abuse contains words and actions to break the womans spirit and destroy her self-image and self-esteem. (Mullender, 1996) It also includes imposing any kind of intimacy while the woman is still hurting from the violence, and physical or verbal harassment. (Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2001, Alic, Margaret; Burstow; Mullender, 1996; Wikipedia) Most of the scholars explained violence against women from mainly two different views of theories, one is from the view of individual or family ground, and another is from the view of society or social structure. Psychological theories emphasis on assertively uncontrollable anger which is seen as rooted in unresolved family conflicts, primitive aggressive reactions, the submerged fear of the bully, insecure dependence on women, or any other form of internal stress (Mullender, 1996, summarized by Dobash and Dobash, 1992, p237) Feminists view that violence against women as a typical behavior and brooked by the society with the approval of social rules supporting male domination. (Adam, 1998) United Nation (1989) believed the interconnection of economic, social and political factors creating a structure placed the women with low economic status in a weakness position to violence within the household. Adam stressed that the masculine values in capitalist system apt to value women as mother, housewives or sexual objects Nayak et al. (2003) examined the attitudes of undergraduates from four countries toward violence against women, and discovered that groups with different values or attitudes also differ in violence acts, and would have different level of acceptance of violence. It refers not only the power of male in the household, but also refers to the dominance of men in social or cultural systems. Feminist theory stresses that the structure of modern cultural and political systems under patriarchy are totally ruled by men. (Wikipedia) (Castro, Ginette. American Feminism: a contemporary history, p. 31.) Obviously, violence against women seemed as normal under the development of dominant-submissive power relations. such that they have little or no independent status and transgressions outside the family and male authority expose them to swift retributions and confirm their vulnerability. Adams (1998) Researches demonstrated that patriarchy involves concepts of feminism and male domination in society and within the family. (Tang, 1999; Adam, 1998; Sugarmen and Frankel, 1996) The violence against women is the product of the interrelated and complex values wherein women are considered as inferior and subordinate to men, in result male is allowed to view female partners as his properties, and handling it within the privacy and autonomy of the family. (United Nation, 1989) Adams (1998) agreed with Mama that women are strongly fixed into the familial structure and hierarchic gender relations in the socialization process. Yllo also found that there is a positive correlation between more patriarchal social structure and higher level of women abuse. (Yllo, 1983, 1984) Research also found that traditional gender role soc